These types of breeds are classified as dual-objective (beef and eggs) types, although differences in mature muscles dimensions are present (Desk step 1)

These types of breeds are classified as dual-objective (beef and eggs) types, although differences in mature muscles dimensions are present (Desk step 1)

The aim of this work is to review the end result from breed and you may decades towards eggs manufacturing and also the eggs exterior and you can internal quality into the five Italian twin-mission breeds , in the beginning and lots of months later than earliest months installing activity you to definitely happened, correspondingly, at the conclusion of june/beginning of fall and in wintertime, around adjustable ecological standards.

2.1. Pets and you may Rearing Criteria

Four Italian chicken types, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you will Robusta Lionata (RL), was in fact sensed toward research. One’s body lbs out-of adult women was 1.twenty-five kg from inside the PP, 2.31 kg within the Er and you may step 3.05 kg inside the RM and you can RL. Their source is the Veneto region (Italy): PP is a classic local breed; the provider try dated back again to the newest XIX century, however, no direct analysis into the genetic provider exist. Others types are formulated for the Veneto for the 1950s: the fresh Emergency room breed comes from Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and Rhode Isle (brownish eggshell reproduce) breeds, while towards the RM and you will RL types, Brown Orpington and you will White America, a few brown eggshell breeds were used . Plus the adult fat, such breeds disagree within plumage along with: it’s wonderful inside PP, Emergency room shows erminate plumage, RM plumage try predominantly white which have black extremities https://lovingwomen.org/sv/blog/basta-lander-att-gifta-sig-i/ a number of countries of one’s body, black colored feathers out of primaries and you may tail and you will RL shows an excellent tawny plumage having black feathers regarding primaries and end. Every breeds (Contour S1) let you know unmarried comb and you can put tinted eggshell egg (Figure S2).

dos. Information and techniques

Birds out-of per reproduce hatched at the same time (second half from e farm of your Heart to possess Poultry Biodiversity Conservation from the Veneto part (they regularly provides for brand new rearing ones breeds also as for the eggs production for incubation and you can brooding), in the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), of hatching for the pubertal ages and you will from the installing months, which started about end regarding june toward beginning of fall (Figure 1), depending on the reproduce. Feeding, rearing conditions (photoperiod, temperature) and you can prophylaxis procedures was a similar into the four types, from the time regarding hatching for the stop of learned several months, that has been inside the , on 53 days of age. The fresh new freshly hatched chicks were remaining inside into the earliest cuatro weeks off lifetime, at the an ecological heat coming down out-of 32 so you’re able to 24 °C, under infra-red light lights, on the litter. At the step 1.5 months of age, the new birds received totally free accessibility outdoor room, regarding spring so you’re able to trip and you may wintertime. For every single breed (sixty hens) got totally free access to backyard (5 meters dos /bird) space (armed with linear drinkers), in which the hens resided for hours, in order to indoor (4 hens/meters dos ) area (timber shavings and you may straw litter, that have perches and you may round feeders), mainly utilized having laying eggs (cumulative nests) as well as evening; the area (interior and you will outdoor) offered to for every reproduce is split up because of the netting.

At the start of installing (at about twenty two weeks old into the reproduce which have prior to start of laying), when you look at the September–October, with respect to the reproduce, brand new photoperiod is actually absolute and decreasing, according to the season in addition to geographical condition of your own demonstration channel for the Northern Italy (typically, 12L:12D), and for the next period (of 38 weeks of age, from December so you’re able to 53 months old), fake light is actually slowly improved (within the indoor space, filament-based light bulb, from the 60 lux) to find a beneficial photoperiod away from 14L:10D. The newest photoperiod try regulated by a timer, and it is actually achieved by flipping on brand new white an hour or so ahead of dawn and you may turning off they an hour or so immediately following sundown. The exterior ecological temperature try 10 ± 3.4 °C and you can eleven ± step three.0 °C, correspondingly, on first (right away regarding October to the prevent off November) in addition to 2nd (right away out of January on avoid off February) putting symptoms, when the studies to the yield results and you may egg top quality was obtained. The fresh new dogs received advertisement libitum commercial nourishes considering the emotional stage (three varied industrial feeds into the increasing period). With the very first putting phase (26–33 months old, below decreasing sheer photoperiod), if types become laying, brand new birds got a professional pelleted supply (PG = 16%, Me = 11.8 MJ/kilogram, Ca = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you can maize (PG = 9.1%, Me personally = 13.eight MJ/kg), on a ratio of just one:step one. It’s worthy of remembering you to definitely, at this many years, precisely the dual-purpose and you will tinted eggshell types displayed a variable start of laying and you may egg creation rate, whereas the fresh new hens of the almost every other breeds of the latest Preservation Center having Biodiversity and hatched at the same time of the studied types, like the white eggshell types, didn’t initiate laying (Padovana breed) otherwise it showed a very light laying craft (Polverara reproduce), never reaching the threshold from 10% hen–day egg design. The main cause of the choice of brand new Preservation Heart, to not ever use a rss getting putting hens throughout the this era, is actually due to perhaps not pressuring the pullets in order to egg design through the a season with decreasing temperature and you will photoperiod. New wild birds expanded external, under beneficial conditions getting skeletal health, perambulating crushed and you can not as much as solar power rays. From the outdoor space for every single reproduce, the presence of lawn offered to the fresh new birds is actually highest while in the the fresh broadening months than simply from the start of laying, and that happened pursuing the summer season, when the rain was scarce and you will did not support a yard regrowth. Out of 38 so you’re able to 53 weeks of age, and you may significantly less than growing photoperiod, the newest hens had been fed a commercial pelleted offer to have installing (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.5 MJ/kilogram, Ca = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Most of the feeds consisted mostly out of maize and you may soybean.